{"id":102,"date":"2025-09-03T10:46:05","date_gmt":"2025-09-03T15:46:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/frontierras.com\/?page_id=102"},"modified":"2025-11-14T11:20:27","modified_gmt":"2025-11-14T18:20:27","slug":"ecology-of-the-san-rafael-valley","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/?page_id=102","title":{"rendered":"Ecology of the San Rafael Valley"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull has-custom-content-position is-position-center-left\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);min-height:840px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-231 size-large\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/IMG_2707-2-1024x768.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/IMG_2707-2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/IMG_2707-2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/IMG_2707-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/IMG_2707-2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/IMG_2707-2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-10 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-cover-is-layout-d89aad35 wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-12dd3699 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide has-text-align-left has-xx-large-font-size\"><strong>Ecology of the San Rafael Valley<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Early writings of the vast network of North American grasslands speak of a &#8220;sea of grass&#8221; that &#8220;staggered the imagination&#8221; (Hadley &amp; Basurto 2006). This is nowhere more clear in the stunning binational grasslands of the San Rafael Valley that span Arizona-Sonora.<\/strong> <strong>This valley has been a space of connectivity between humans and wildlife alike, before time itself.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Here, the stage is set for the grandeur of the Sky Islands, as these isolated mountain ranges rise up out of the vast landscape and come into full effect here in these unique US-Mexico binational grasslands and rolling plains.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>photo courtesy of Russ McSpadden<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\">The San Rafael Valley is located between the Patagonia Mountains to the west and the Huachuca Mountains to the east. These are the headwaters of the Santa Cruz; water is a way of life here. Humans and wildlife have long depended on this region\u2014and have moved across it. Though the San Rafael is made up of mostly private lands today, this binational valley has been been connected to human existence before time itself\u2014Indigenous Peoples have collected grasses for weaving, ranchers have used these lands for cattle grazing, recreationists find solace and peace in one of the last truly &#8220;wild&#8221; spaces that remains in North America. To lose it would be devastating\u2014to humans and wildlife alike.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"552\" src=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-wall-huachucas-37-1-1024x552.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-424 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-wall-huachucas-37-1-1024x552.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-wall-huachucas-37-1-300x162.jpg 300w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-wall-huachucas-37-1-768x414.jpg 768w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-wall-huachucas-37-1-1536x828.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-wall-huachucas-37-1-2048x1104.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Current Threat: <\/strong>27 miles of border wall, construction through the last unwalled stretch of borderlands in Arizona for 900 days.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>27 miles of border wall<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>construction crews and camps throughout the area<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>road traffic and human vehicle disturbance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>water pumping and overuse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>militarized zones <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>lack of\/threats to access on public lands<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>photo courtesy of Krista Schyler<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull has-white-color has-text-color\" style=\"margin-top:0;padding-top:4vw;padding-right:4vw;padding-bottom:4vw;padding-left:4vw;min-height:66vh;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-black-background-color has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-d7e6ce0a wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left has-text-color\" style=\"color:#ffffff61;font-size:clamp(57.838px, 3.615rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 6.094), 120px);\">an ecological<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color\" style=\"color:#ffffff73;font-size:clamp(38.682px, 2.418rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 3.266), 72px);font-style:normal;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\"><strong>lifeline<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-text-color\" style=\"color:#ffffffad;font-size:clamp(38.682px, 2.418rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 3.266), 72px);font-style:normal;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">connecting the<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-text-color\" style=\"color:#ffffffad;font-size:clamp(38.682px, 2.418rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 3.266), 72px);font-style:normal;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">transboundary<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color\" style=\"color:#ffffffd1;font-size:clamp(67.975px, 4.248rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 7.846), 148px);font-style:normal;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-2px;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">sky<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-text-color\" style=\"color:#fffffff5;font-size:clamp(72.821px, 4.551rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 8.743), 162px);font-style:normal;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-2px;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">islands<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull is-style-section-5 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained is-style-section-5--1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7ee84d44 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biodiversity in the San Rafael Valley<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What species are present here?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mammals<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>mule deer and white-tailed deer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pronghorn<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>black bears<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>jaguars <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mountain lions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ocelots<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>gray fox<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>coatimundis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Birds<\/strong> <strong>&amp; Bats<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>migratory birds<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gould&#8217;s turkey<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mexican spotted owls<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>11 species of bats<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reptiles\/Amphibians<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sonoran tiger salamanders<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chiricahua leopard frog<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Insects<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Monarch butterfly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Plants<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1000+ documented plant species<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A loss of this magnitude would be irrevocable for the region.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Below, meet some of the species we are set to lose if border wall construction continues here.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-duotone-unset-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"788\" src=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Untitled-Facebook-Post-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-489\" srcset=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Untitled-Facebook-Post-1.png 940w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Untitled-Facebook-Post-1-300x251.png 300w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Untitled-Facebook-Post-1-768x644.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-5fdb10e5 wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-content-justification-stretch is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-627337ab wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-dd225191 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Home to over 1000+ species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects, the San Rafael Valley is arguably one of the most biodiverse regions in the United States.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">This binational shared landscape between the United States and Mexico sees the transnational movements of charismatic large mammals such as mule deer, pronghorn, javelinas, mountain lions, and more.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-text-subtitle is-style-text-subtitle--3\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/ecology-and-evolution\/articles\/10.3389\/fevo.2024.1487911\/full\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/ecology-and-evolution\/articles\/10.3389\/fevo.2024.1487911\/full\">2024 study<\/a> by the nonprofit Sky Island Alliance + Wildlands Network documented 17 large wildlife moving through the existing vehicle barriers at the border in the San Rafael Valley, including <strong>mule deer, white-tailed deer, pronghorn, bobcat, javelina, and black bear.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>While species can cross through the existing vehicle barriers, a physical wall would be much more difficult\u2014and some species will never recover. <\/strong>Movement corridors used by wildlife throughout time will be forever severed\u2014impacting access to food, water, mates. Building a border wall here has the potential to lead to genetic isolation and\/or species extinction.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>To read more about wildlife and the wall, <a href=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/?page_id=253\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"253\">click here.<\/a><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"357\" src=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/rainbow-grasshopper.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-416\" style=\"aspect-ratio:16\/9;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/rainbow-grasshopper.jpg 500w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/rainbow-grasshopper-300x214.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Rainbow grasshopper<em>; <\/em><\/strong>photo courtesy of Philip Kline @iNaturalist<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1667\" height=\"2500\" data-id=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/krvDhVdg.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-467\" style=\"aspect-ratio:3\/4;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/krvDhVdg.jpeg 1667w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/krvDhVdg-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/krvDhVdg-683x1024.jpeg 683w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/krvDhVdg-768x1152.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/krvDhVdg-1024x1536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/krvDhVdg-1366x2048.jpeg 1366w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1667px) 100vw, 1667px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Black-tailed jackrabbit;<\/strong> photo courtesy of Krista Schyler<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/plfK3wWo-1-1024x683.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-443 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/plfK3wWo-1-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/plfK3wWo-1-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/plfK3wWo-1-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/plfK3wWo-1-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/plfK3wWo-1-2048x1366.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>iNaturalist Boundary<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">One way to see the vast biodiversity of the San Rafael Valley on display is by checking out an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/observations?nelat=31.391235059398134&amp;nelng=-110.22510684560984&amp;page=2&amp;subview=map&amp;swlat=31.317938794226535&amp;swlng=-110.65941012930125&amp;verifiable=any\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/observations?nelat=31.391235059398134&amp;nelng=-110.22510684560984&amp;page=2&amp;subview=map&amp;swlat=31.317938794226535&amp;swlng=-110.65941012930125&amp;verifiable=any\">iNaturalist boundary survey <\/a>of the region. You can help document the life\u2014and what we stand to lose\u2014by participating in this citizen scientist project. <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">If border wall construction continues through this vital space of connectivity, this loss will be felt for generations to come.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sonoran pronghorn<\/strong>; photo courtesy of Krista Schyler<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#f5eac1;padding-top:6vw;padding-right:6vw;padding-bottom:6vw;padding-left:6vw\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color\" style=\"color:#000000;font-size:6vw;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:0.9;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none\"><strong>The San Rafael Valley: One of the last remaining and ecologically intact short-grass prairies in North America<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1vw\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-7946b6b8 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-21b20327 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.38%\">\n<p>The binational San Rafael Valley and its majestic grasslands<strong> <\/strong>sustain<strong> vital populations of birds, insects, reptiles, and large mammals such as black bears, mule deers, and the evasive, elusive jaguar.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Notable for their beauty and expansive imagery, the San Rafael Valley grasslands were even chosen as the iconic Americana setting for the Hollywood cult-classic musical <em>Oklahoma!<\/em> But they are much more than this; these grasslands have been connected to human and wildlife populations throughout time eternal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">The grasslands of the San Rafael Valley are also vital habitat for grassland bird species and meet <strong>the global IBA (Important Bird Area)<\/strong> criteria as <strong>&#8220;rare, unique, or exceptional representative habitat\/ecological community.&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What do we know about the grasslands of the San Rafael Valley?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>semidesert grassland dominated by perennial grasses<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>headwaters of the binationally important Santa Cruz River<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>elevation range 3600-5500 feet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33%\">\n<div style=\"height:2vw\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AnnualGrama10.9-3-733x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AnnualGrama10.9-3-733x1024.jpg 733w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AnnualGrama10.9-3-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AnnualGrama10.9-3-768x1073.jpg 768w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AnnualGrama10.9-3-1100x1536.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AnnualGrama10.9-3.jpg 1275w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Annual Grama<\/strong>; photo courtesy of Matilda Essig<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What species of grasses occur in the San Rafael Valley?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>black grama<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>slender grama<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chino grama<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>spruce top grama<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>bush muhly<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>several three-awn species<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arizona cottontop<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>curly mesquite<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>slim tridens<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pappus grass<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tanglehead grass<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>vine mesquite grass<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and more (see Brown 1994 or <a href=\"https:\/\/awcs.azgfd.com\/habitats\/semidesert-grasslands\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/awcs.azgfd.com\/habitats\/semidesert-grasslands\">here<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.62%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2500\" height=\"1667\" src=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-01312.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-526\" style=\"width:536px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-01312.jpg 2500w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-01312-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-01312-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-01312-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-01312-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cKrista_Schlyer_SanRafael-01312-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Blue grosbeak in the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What bird species depend on these grasslands?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a <strong>global Important Bird Area (IBA)<\/strong>, the San Rafael Valley is a biodiversity hotspot for grassland and neotropical migrating bird species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Chestnut-collared longspur&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cassin\u2019s sparrow&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arizona grasshopper sparrow&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brewer\u2019s sparrow&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Savannah sparrow&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lincoln\u2019s sparrow&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prairie falcon&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>American kestrel<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sprague\u2019s pipit&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Northern harrier<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Golden eagle&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Swainson\u2019s hawk&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>White-tailed kite<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Scaled quail<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Montezuma quail<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thick-billed longspur<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Botteri\u2019s sparrow<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Western meadowlark<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chihuahuan meadowlark<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-c24efe4f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:69%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Grasslands-1-2-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Grasslands-1-2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Grasslands-1-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Grasslands-1-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Grasslands-1-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Grasslands-1-2-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>San Rafael grasslands<\/strong>; photo courtesy of Dale Turner<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33%\">\n<div style=\"height:2vw\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color\" style=\"color:#000000;font-size:clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.294), 17px);\"><strong>Many of these species are already threatened due to drought, climate change, and human disturbance. To bring more construction and increase species disjunction in the San Rafael would irrevocably change the shape and ecological communities of the landscape\u2014potentially for good. <\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull is-style-section-3 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained is-style-section-3--5\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2500\" height=\"1677\" src=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/PUuyt5Vs-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-431\" srcset=\"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/PUuyt5Vs-1.jpeg 2500w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/PUuyt5Vs-1-300x201.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/PUuyt5Vs-1-1024x687.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/PUuyt5Vs-1-768x515.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/PUuyt5Vs-1-1536x1030.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/PUuyt5Vs-1-2048x1374.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Mexican gray fox kits; photo courtesy of Krista Schyler<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading alignfull has-text-align-center\">Stay tuned as we share more stories of the ecology of this region and the impact of border wall barrier and construction on this ecological community!<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-08655630 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center is-style-text-display is-style-text-display--6\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">What can you do? <br><a href=\"#\" rel=\"nofollow\">Join us!<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-social-links has-icon-color is-style-logos-only is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex 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c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Twitter<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook has-contrast-color wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-instagram has-contrast-color 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c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Instagram<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-pinterest has-contrast-color wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12.289,2C6.617,2,3.606,5.648,3.606,9.622c0,1.846,1.025,4.146,2.666,4.878c0.25,0.111,0.381,0.063,0.439-0.169 c0.044-0.175,0.267-1.029,0.365-1.428c0.032-0.128,0.017-0.237-0.091-0.362C6.445,11.911,6.01,10.75,6.01,9.668 c0-2.777,2.194-5.464,5.933-5.464c3.23,0,5.49,2.108,5.49,5.122c0,3.407-1.794,5.768-4.13,5.768c-1.291,0-2.257-1.021-1.948-2.277 c0.372-1.495,1.089-3.112,1.089-4.191c0-0.967-0.542-1.775-1.663-1.775c-1.319,0-2.379,1.309-2.379,3.059 c0,1.115,0.394,1.869,0.394,1.869s-1.302,5.279-1.54,6.261c-0.405,1.666,0.053,4.368,0.094,4.604 c0.021,0.126,0.167,0.169,0.25,0.063c0.129-0.165,1.699-2.419,2.142-4.051c0.158-0.59,0.817-2.995,0.817-2.995 c0.43,0.784,1.681,1.446,3.013,1.446c3.963,0,6.822-3.494,6.822-7.833C20.394,5.112,16.849,2,12.289,2\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Pinterest<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The San Rafael Valley is located between the Patagonia Mountains to the west and the Huachuca Mountains to the east. These are the headwaters of the Santa Cruz; water is a way of life here. Humans and wildlife have long depended on this region\u2014and have moved across it. Though the San Rafael is made up [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-102","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=102"}],"version-history":[{"count":102,"href":"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/102\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1295,"href":"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/102\/revisions\/1295"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/borderwallresistance.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}